A serial transmission method that uses a closed loop. It originated with teletype machines that transmitted 20 mA (milliamperes) of current for a 1 bit and the absence of current for a 0 bit. A 60 mA ...

This application note’s primary goal is to provide an easy-to-understand primer for users who are not familiar with 4-20mA current-loops and their applications. Some of the many topics discussed ...

Here’s a question for you: when your PCB has a ground plane layer, where do return signals flow? It seems like a trick question, but as [Kristof Mulier] explains, there’s more to return path routing ...